Zhu Jianguo

Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, CAAS

 

Since wetlands park is just an emerging mode for wetlands conservation and wise-use in China, its planning and construction has to undergo long-term and painstaking explorations. The writer, based self understanding of the concept “wetlands park”, suggests that a common understanding shall be reached on the following issues in terms of wetlands park.

1. Wetlands Park is a “park” first of all, so it must and is bound to have the following basic features of a “park”.  (1) Services for public entertainment and recreations as well as science popularization and education are needed in the park, in regard to which, the park must be equipped with the supporting service facilities that serve the visitors. (2) There is an appropriate business administration authority in the park, responsible for providing profit-oriented services, in regard to which, the park must be equipped with the supporting service facilities that attract visitors. In view of these above-mentioned features, more considerations should be given to the standards for planning and construction of Wetlands Park, rather than blindly following the standards for planning and construction of nature reserves.

2. Wetlands Park is a park featuring a large area of wetlands, so how to have the wetlands function efficiently should be fully taken into account. (1)Service facility building as well as service providing shall be done on account of the physical features and ecological functions of wetlands. (2) Proper measures shall be taken during the construction of service facilities in the park, to prevent the natural landscape of ecological functions of wetlands from being damaged or intervened. (3) In respect of wetlands conservation, it is inappropriate to take biological variety conservation as the only critical objective of construction. (4) For the wetlands park located at the downstream region of a city, water pollution degradation ability, an inherent virtue of wetlands, shall be stressed.

3. Scientific investigation and validation from various aspects shall be done during location selection and construction of Wetlands Park. (1) As to the natural wetlands with excellent natural and ecological condition and no or almost no human intervention, it is not suggested to construct a wetlands park, and instead, a closed nature reserve of wetlands shall be built up. (2) During selection of the location of wetland park, the following factors shall be considered, including: the source of visitors, number of visitors, visitors’ inclinations and visitors’ standards of consumption in a near term and in a long term, and its location for tourism and the style of the surrounding scenic spots as well. (3)Furthermore, the local traffic condition and its potential development of the surrounding area, shall also be considered..

4. Regarding Wetlands Park, the “clear allocation of landownership and land-use right” should not be interpreted as “unification of landownership and land-use right”. (1) Clear allocation of landownership and land-use right is required in Wetlands Park, undoubtedly, in order to enable the administrative authority of the park to implement unified management of the park lands and the behaviors on the lands. (2) Clear allocation of landownership and land-use right shall be construed from two aspects. One is the landownership, regarding which, either state ownership or collective ownership shall be determined. The other is the management of land-use right, regarding which, there is no overlap in terms of land-use right among different administrative authorities or between state agencies and collective organizations. The land of the park shall not be simply considered as the state property or as the property that needs to be nationalized. (3) As to the wetlands park, the nationalization of the collective lands on which the natives rely for living, and the transfer of the natives by coercive means should not be regarded as the inevitable premise for execution of allocation of landownership and land-use right.  (4) The following measures shall be taken to avoid potential conflicts between the unified business management of the wetlands park and the natives living there, including, leasing their collective lands for a long term, solving the job problem of the natives on the site and directing to adjust their life style and mode of production etc.

 

 

 

Key words: Wetlands Park；   Planning & Construction

 

中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所

 

湿地公园作为我国湿地保护与合理利用的新生模式，其规划建设还处于探索之中，笔者基于对湿地公园概念的理解，认为我国湿地公园规划建设还需在以下几点问题上形成共识：

1．湿地公园首先是“公园”，因此就必须也必然具备“公园”的以下基本特征：（1）提供公共娱乐休闲游憩和科普宣传教育等项服务，所以公园就必须配套建设相应服务游客的服务设施；（2）具有相应的经营管理机构，并提供以赢利为目的的服务，所以公园也必然要配套建设相应的吸引游客的服务设施。基于上述特征，应当切忌依据自然保护区的划建标准，衡量湿地公园的规划建设。

2．湿地公园是以湿地为特征的公园，因此必须充分考虑湿地功能的有效发挥：（1）公园修建服务设施以及提供各类服务，应当以湿地自然特征与生态功能为基础；（2）公园修建服务设施应当尽量避免对湿地自然景观与生态功能的破坏与干扰；（3）在湿地保护方面，公园不宜处处都以生物多样性保护为唯一重要的建设目标；（4）城市下游的湿地公园，特别应当注意发挥湿地在降解水体污染方面的固有功能。

3．湿地公园的选址、建设需要进行多学科的科学论证：（1）自然生态条件良好、没有或仅有轻微人为干预的自然湿地，不宜主张划建湿地公园，应以划建封闭式湿地自然保护区为主；（2）湿地公园规划选址应当充分考虑近期与远期的游客来源、游客流量、游客取向、游客消费水平，以及公园的旅游区位和周边景区的风格；（3）湿地公园选址应当充分考虑公园所在地的交通条件以及未来发展的可能。

4．湿地公园“土地权属明确”不应等同于“土地权属归一”：（1）湿地公园要求土地权属明确，无疑是为方便公园管理机构对公园土地或土地上各种行为的统一管理；（2）土地权属明确应当仅仅被理解成为在土地所有权方面，能够清楚地区分出国家所有或集体所有；在土地使用权管理方面，不存在不同行政管理部门之间的，或国有单位与集体单位之间的使用权交叉；不应简单地理解为公园土地均应属于国有或者收为国有；（3）湿地公园在土地权属处理方面，不应以将原住居民赖以生存的集体土地收归国有，同时将原住居民强行移民的手段为必要前提；（4）湿地公园可以采取长期租用集体土地、就地解决原住居民劳动就业或者调整、引导原住居民生产生活方式的手段，解决湿地公园统一经营管理与原住居民之间可能存在的矛盾冲突。

 

 

关键词：   湿地公园    规划建设